孫中山（1866年11月12日－1925年3月12日[註 1]），本名孫文，譜名德明，字載之，號日新，又號逸仙，幼名帝象，廣東省廣州府香山縣翠亨村（今廣東中山）人，是中國政治家、醫師、革命家、中華民族主義者。其流亡日本時，曾有一個廣為人知的化名「中山樵」，之後轉化成為後世常用的「孫中山」慣稱。曾任中國國民黨總理、第一任中華民國臨時大總統等職，亦為三民主義思想的創建者。
孫中山早年曾受中國傳統教育和西方近代教育，認識歐美世界較深，通曉粵語、官話、英文，日語曾在香港華人西醫學院學習，曾經上書李鴻章要求滿清政府改革，後因滿清政府積弱不振，於中日甲午戰爭時，在檀香山加入中國第一個由楊衢雲創辦的革命團體興中會，後在東京合併改組為中國同盟會，擔任總理。倫敦蒙難後引發政治風波，使其在中外享有知名度，被多數外國人視為中國的革命領袖。1911年的辛亥革命，孫中山革命爆發前曾在美國收到黃興的匯款電報，而辛亥革命主要是由中國同盟會中部機關部湖北負責人居正主導下，由受革命思想啟發的新軍團體「文學社」社長蔣翊武與同盟會會員組成的「共進會」孫葆仁發動起義[參 4][參 5]，起義爆發後黃興由香港北上武漢相助指揮，而孫中山在起義爆發隔日於報上閱得辛亥革命之消息，並未立刻歸國而是繞遠路抵達歐洲，遊說英、美、法、德政府與四國銀行團，要求列強保持中立與終止對滿清的貸款，並且支持中國革命[參 6]，雖未取得列強真正的支持，歸國後被多數革命者認為他的聲望與能力足以成為新成立的中華民國臨時政府的領導人，因此被選為臨時大總統[參 7]。
孫中山是最早提倡以革命推翻滿清統治，為建立中華民國的國民革命發起者和領導人，他所提出的《三民主義》等政治綱領亦對中國影響深遠。他是華人社會乃至於散居於全世界的中國人民至為敬重和尊崇的偉大革命家，中華民國尊其為國父、中國國民黨尊其為總理，中國共產黨稱其為「中國近代民主革命的偉大先行者」[參 8]。中國以外的人則經常尊稱孫中山為現代中國的國父。[參 9][參 10]
Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925)[1][2] was a Chinese revolutionary, first president and founding father of the Republic of China("Nationalist China"). As the foremost pioneer of Republic of China, Sun is referred to as the "Father of the Nation" in the Republic of China (ROC), and the "forerunner of democratic revolution" in the People's Republic of China. Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynastyduring the Double Ten Revolution. Although he was in St. Louis, Missouri at the time,[3] he was appointed to serve as president of the Provisional Republic of China, when it was founded in 1912. He later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT), serving as its first leader.[4] Sun was a uniting figure inpost-Imperial China, and remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of theTaiwan Strait.
Although Sun is considered one of the greatest leaders of modern China, his political life was one of constant struggle and frequent exile. After the success of the revolution, he quickly fell out of power in the newly founded Republic of China, and led successive revolutionary governments as a challenge to the warlords who controlled much of the nation. Sun did not live to see his party consolidate its power over the country during theNorthern Expedition. His party, which formed a fragile alliance with the Communists, split into two factions after his death. Sun's chief legacy resides in his developing of the political philosophy known as the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy, and the people's livelihood.[5]
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